Contrastive Sparse Representation learning approach for ultra-sparse embeddings that achieves 7x speedup over Matryoshka Representation Learning with 300x improvements in compute and memory efficiency.
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CSRv2 is a principled training approach designed to make ultra-sparse embeddings viable, stabilizing sparsity learning through progressive k-annealing and enhancing representational quality via supervised contrastive objectives.
CSR (Contrastive Sparse Representation Learning) combines contrastive retrieval and reconstructive autoencoding objectives to preserve the original feature semantics. CSR takes a pretrained encoding model (with frozen weights), and trains a simple sparse autoencoder on top for mapping the pretrained dense embeddings into a sparse embedding with up to k non-zero elements (i.e., k-sparse).
Extensive experiments on image, text, and multimodal benchmarks demonstrate that CSR consistently outperforms MRL in terms of both accuracy and retrieval speed—often by large margins—while also cutting training time to a fraction of that required by MRL. Under the same compute budget, CSR rivals MRL's performance by 9%, 15%, and 7% on ImageNet classification, MTEB text retrieval, and MS COCO retrieval, respectively.
CSRv2 with only 2 active dimensions matches the performance of Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) at 16 dimensions. CSRv2 achieves 7%/4% improvement over CSR when k=4 and further increases this gap to 14%/6% when k=2 in text/vision representation.
The research was published at the 2026 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR).
Open-source research implementation.
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